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Night Flying Woman Essay Example

Late evening Flying Woman Paper Gina Plumer Night Flying Woman Assignment American Indian Social Welfare Perspective The book that I chos...

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Night Flying Woman Essay Example

Late evening Flying Woman Paper Gina Plumer Night Flying Woman Assignment American Indian Social Welfare Perspective The book that I chose to peruse was Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker. The inborn character in the book was Oibwe from the White Earth Band. Ms. Merchant began the book from the current day in Minneapolis where she grew up. There wasn’t much culture to be seen, and the more youthful ages were getting excessively lost in the new world. Ms. Intermediary tried to make reference to that she despite everything showed her youngsters the Ojibwe ways, and revealed to them the tales that her grandma had once advised her. All through Ignatia Broker’s early on section, we got a feeling of the measure of regard she had for you extraordinary distant grandma Oona, or Night Flying Woman. At the point when Ms. Agent originally moved to Minneapolis, she lived in a various neighborhood, intensely populated with Latinos. She portrayed being a Native American lady experiencing childhood in the urban Minneapolis territory. From the time she had first moved there until now she was expounding on, there had been an expansion in the Native populace. With the expansion in populace, she clarified how where she lived out of nowhere was encircled by processing plants and turnpikes. A significant number of the Ojibwe individuals in Minneapolis distinguished themselves as Native American from a specific, dislike a faction as they did in her incredible extraordinary grandmother’s adolescence. Her initial presentation was clarifying the distinctions of the land and customs of the past to the current way. The book at that point started to recount to the individual story of Ignatia Broker’s extraordinary incredible grandma Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe, or Night Flying Woman. Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe was a lone youngster to Me-ow-ga-bo (Outstanding), and Wa-wi-e-cu-mig-go-gwe (Round Earth). Three weeks after birth, in Indian convention, came when naming must be arranged. Oona’s guardians talked with Grandfather and Grandmother and concluded that A-wa-sa-si would be the namer. A-wa-sa-si picked the name Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe (Night Flying Woman) in light of the fact that Oona was conceived during the obscurity of the day. The inborn character was Ojibwe, and the town that they lived in was affectionate. Everybody that lived in the town was acceptable at something and they helped each other out when they required it. For example, some were acceptable at ricing, some at chasing, at picking berries, some at sugaring, and some at making necessities. We will compose a custom paper test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It was the earth we could just seek after these days. The older folks were regarded above every other person, and they were to consistently talk first. The kids were to begin taking in the conventions from birth with the goal that they would be proficient at an early age. The family structure was exceptionally open, and I could without much of a stretch recognize who was in the positions of authority. During childbirth, Oona’s guardians were her folks, yet she additionally sought her grandparents for direction. At the point when she was given her Indian name, she admired her name supplier too. The obligation of Oona as a kid was to get familiar with the conventions and the Ojibwe lifestyle. She was to help with the ricing, chasing, berries, sugaring, and berries for one day she would need to do everything all alone. She was instructed that when she entered her grandma and grandfather’s home, she was not to state a word until she was addressed. On the off chance that nothing was said by them, nothing would be said in kind by Oona. The jobs and duties that everybody in the town was given relied upon the qualities that they had as a person. In the new land, Oona’s individuals weren’t ready to chase, fish, pick berries, or do any of their standard things openly. They were to manufacture genuine houses, and wear genuine garments like the â€Å"strangers†. Before long a short time later, the outsiders requested that the youngsters go to class, which before long transformed into all inclusive school in light of the separation it was from their homes. At the life experience schools, the Native kids had to communicate in English and overlook their customary ways. They were beaten in the event that they ignored their educators. This brought the book into how the Native culture is today. There aren’t numerous familiar Ojibwe individuals, and youngsters are encouraged the standard techniques for endurance they were back before arrangements were made. At the point when the European pioneers came over and began taking once again the land, it filled in as a defining moment of the Ojibwe culture and the way that they rehearsed their ways. At the point when the Europeans came over, Oona and her family members had to get together and move their things twice. The land that had a place with them their entire lives were being taken over by pilgrims that idea they â€Å"found† the land. After they had moved, they had to begin living how the new pioneers were. While the youngsters were learning the new ways, the grown-ups were also. Oona’s father had gone to a timber camp to work. He went to attempt to win enough cash to fabricate the sorts of houses that the new pioneers had just worked for themselves. The Native lady started to become familiar with the family needs, and the English language also. They made garments like the new pilgrims, and even friended a significant number of them. The lifestyle that they were once used to was turning out to be only a spot in their recollections. As the age passes, Oona consistently made sure to tell the offspring of how life used to be, and the conventions that were polished. She perceived that the youngsters would acquire the way of life with them the ages to come, yet it could never be as customary as it once seemed to be. Oona’s family adapted to the progressions by having gatherings with the seniors, and getting their perspective on the new pilgrims. There was very little that should be possible to spare their territory and continue living in the way that they were utilized to. It appeared as if they all had each other despite the fact that their lives were evolving definitely. Oona’s granddad once said â€Å"the backwoods have never fizzled us†. I don’t imagine that they could possibly do, yet the new pilgrims and their new ways certainly did. It wasn’t a decision for Oona’s family to stick to the better approach forever, yet the choice was at that point made for them by the new pioneers. I imagine that as hard as it sounded, the family adapted to the progressions quite well. In the book, it was before government and state strategy was made. Albeit, ancestral reservations were really taking shape, and the fragments of land that were being put something aside for the Indian individuals was spread out. At the point when a white man appears with a paper that must be complied, it was required the individuals to move to the White Earth reservation. It was government strategy around then, during the 1840s, to move all northern Midwest U. S. Indians there in a sort of inhumane imprisonment. They had the option to continue their conventional life until the all inclusive school period started. This was the point at which the United States was getting progressively brought together, and the land was being conveyed among the new pioneers and the Ojibwe individuals. At the point when the reservations were made, this was the main spot where the Native Americans could chase, fish, rice, sugar, plant, and pick berries. They could not, at this point set up summer and spring towns off kilter to approach their conventional ways. Ms. Representative made reference to the awful dietary patterns that numerous Native Americans have today because of the change in customary food gathering. In the event that the Native Americans had the option to gather food as they did before the new pilgrims, there wouldn’t be such a serious extent of weight and diabetes on the reservations today. In the book, Oona’s family consistently figured out how to get off their assigned land and assemble more food, however I’m sure the ages to come discovered this increasingly troublesome. Suitable abilities that a social laborer could use to reinforce and bolster the families would initially off to know about the historical backdrop of Native Americans. To know about the progressions that they needed to make to be a current culture today. A social specialist could work with relatives one on one, yet in addition in a gathering setting to perceive how they respond in the various manners. A social laborer could get mindful of what the difficulties this specific family would confront, and furthermore the verifiable injury that they may be experiencing. Exercises that a social laborer could have would be meetings on getting familiar with the notable culture. Numerous Native American individuals today aren’t mindful of the things that our precursors needed to experience when the new pioneers came over. Our progenitors were absorbed into the cutting edge culture, and it would be advantageous for our way of life today to know the progressions that were made. On the off chance that there were a secondary school or center school social specialist helping these families, they could help shape Native American exercises after school. Exercises like earthenware and beading, or even a language extra-curricular. There could be numerous alternatives accessible to assist Native with peopling become in contact with their way of life more. Toward the finish of the book, Ms. Representative made it pertinent that the more youthful age flourishes to know the way of life, and the tales of the past. It resembled a rotating entryway of information in her family with respect to the tales being gone down through the ages. I believe that if everybody knew these difficulties that the Native American individuals confronted, they would have more regard for the way of life, and the individuals of the way of life. It is intriguing to perceive what number of individuals aren’t mindful of the progressions the Native American individuals experienced all together for the European pilgrims to settle here and consider it their home. The Chippewa or Ojibwe t

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Programmable Logic Controller Essay Example for Free

Programmable Logic Controller Essay To react to these wonderful changes, we present the second version of Programmable Controllers: Theory and Implementation. This subsequent release, similar to the first, gives a far reaching hypothetical, yet functional, take a gander at all parts of PLCs and their related gadgets and frameworks. In any case, this rendition goes above and beyond with new sections on cutting edge PLC subjects, for example, I/O transport systems, fluffy rationale, the IEC 1131-3 programming standard, process control, and PID calculations. This new release additionally presents updated, modern data about existing subjects, with extended designs and new, hands-on models. Besides, the new format of the bookâ€with highlights like two-tone designs, key terms records, all around characterized headings and segments, callout symbols, and an amended, extended glossary†makes the data introduced considerably more clear. This new release has been a work serious learning experience for every one of those included. Similarly as with any errand so enormous, we would never have done only it. Luis Bryan holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering qualification and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering certificate, both from the University of Tennessee. His significant subject matters are computerized frameworks, gadgets, and PC building. During his alumni considers, Luis was associated with a few undertakings with national and global legislative organizations. Luis has broad involvement with the field of programmable controllers. He was associated with worldwide promoting exercises, just as PLC applications advancement, for a significant programmable controller producer. He additionally worked for a counseling firm, giving business sector considers and companyspecific discussions about PLCs. Moreover, Luis has given talks and workshops in Canada, Mexico, and South America about the employments of programmable controllers. He keeps on instructing classes to industry and government elements, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Luis is a functioning individual from a few expert associations, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the IEEE’s instrument and PC social orders. He is a senior individual from the Instrument Society of America, just as an individual from Phi Kappa Phi respect society and Eta Kappa Nu electrical building honor society. Luis has coauthored a few different books about programmable controllers. E RIC B RYAN Eric Bryan moved on from the University of Tennessee with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering qualification, gathering in advanced plan and PC design. He got a Master of Science in Engineering certificate from the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he took part in a unique PC incorporated assembling (CIM) program. Eric’s claims to fame are mechanical computerization strategies, adaptable assembling frameworks (FMS), and man-made consciousness. He is a supporter of man-made brainpower execution and its application in mechanical robotization. Eric worked for a main programmed laser review frameworks organization, just as a programmable controller counseling firm. His modern experience incorporates planning and executing huge investigation frameworks, alongside creating PLC-based frameworks. Eric has coauthored different distributions about PLCs and is an individual from a few expert and specialized social orders.

Thursday, August 20, 2020

seattle (again)

seattle (again) time for a summer update. im in seattle! again! this time im sharing a place with three other interns, two of them also from MIT. so its a time for new friends and new experiences and new places. at the same time, seattle feels like home by now i know the way to the churches i go to, and where the bus stops are, and there are a couple neighborhoods i know well enough that i can find my way home without google maps. i have a favorite pho restaurant (denny triangle) and a second favorite pho restaurant (15th avenue). im writing now from my new favorite workspace, cafe solstice. a few weeks ago my roommates and i had a late-night craving and wandered to safeway for ice cream, where we discovered that there was a four-quarts-for-$3-each sale on tillamook ice cream, and we bought vanilla and strawberry lemon and mint chocolate chip and marionberry pie. a few weeks ago we went to see a musical at the paramount, downtown. a few weeks ago we went and saw a kendrick lamar laser show at the pacific science center laserdome. a few weeks ago it was fourth of july and we invited people over and made homemade dumplings and played monopoly and watched fireworks from the windows on the top floor, going up from our neighbors backyards all around us. every once in a while one of us buys a bouquet of flowers from safeway and we put them in makeshift vases that are actually used lemonade pitchers or pasta sauce jars. somebody bakes often and leaves the cake, or brownies, or cornbread, up for grabs in the kitchen. somebody always makes sure the stovetop is clean and runs the dishwasher at night. somebody always makes sure the trash bins go to the curb on thursday mornings, and pays the bills on time. somebody always finds things to do together on weekends. this is a nice way of living making a home, even if only for three months. this familiar, familial work, reusing the communal patterns we learned at east campus or senior house or wherever else home is. seattle nights are warm, mostly, and i take walks or drink tea and watch the sky grow dim from the window. i spend some time reading. i spend some time listening to albums, start-to-finish, all the way through: melodrama, pieces in space, funeral, planetarium. and movies too: kimi no na wa, moana, baby driver, her. people come in and out of our house, various friends and friends-of-friends we know, visiting seattle or looking for a couch to crash on for a few nights. we bought paint and crayons and once in a while well sit and draw and tape our amateur art to the walls with masking tape, to make the space less bare. and mit is here, too, as a sort of virtual public. on the dorm mailing list, people are discussing whether a new paper claiming to have solved p vs np is legit or not. i get into speculative discussions about media and mediation on MITs instance of mastodon (its like twitter but open-source more background here). my friends write emails or blogs or facebook posts with updates about their lives, writing from india and boston and new york and DC and colorado. theres an intimacy, here, too, that comes from being a long-distance family, scheduling video calls to catch up and sending each other snapchats of food and scenery. so im at home here, but come september ill be ready to go back to school, which is also home. i have friends here, and i miss my friends too, and i cant wait to see them again, and fall back into our old rhythms, which will be old and new and different, all at the same time. Post Tagged #photography

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Social Worker and Their Code of Ethics Essay - 1057 Words

According to the Preamble of the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, â€Å"the primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human wellbeing and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.† National Association of Social Workers. (approved 1996, revised 1999, 2008). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author. The ethical considerations of the Bruff Case as presented by Hermann and Herlihy (2006), are clearly defined and set forth Code of Ethics; additionally, the Code provides guidance to counselors on dealing with issues which might give rise†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately for this counselor, her religious beliefs cost her employment with the agency. According to the facts of the case presented in the excerpt from Corey, Corey, and Callanan (2007), â€Å"a court case involving a therapist’s refusal to counsel homosexual clients† (pp. 138-141), Bruff should be held liable for any emotional harm she caused to the client. As set forth in the National Association of Social Workers, Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, (2008), social workers are ethically required to help people in need and address any social setbacks or problems. Refusing to counsel the lesbian couple regarding their relationship issues can be characterized as a form of discrimination towards their sexual orientation. As such, this discrimination could subject the social worker to liability as professional malpractice. â€Å"Professional malpractice is generally considered a form of negligence.† Frederic G Reamer, Social Work Malpractice and Liability: Strategies for Prevention (2003). As Social workers you are mandated obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability. Moreover, counselors have a professional and ethical duty—set forth in the Code of Ethics,Show MoreRelatedA Code Of Ethics For Social Workers Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesAll social workers can attest th at at some point in their career they’ve had a situation that was an ethical dilemma. They work with people who are experiencing some very difficult and sensitive situations, and there are instances where issues arise that put social workers in a difficult position in regards to ethics. Whether it be from conflicting responsibilities of a social worker or an issue that lies in an ethical gray area. Fortunately, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) hasRead MoreCode Of Ethic For National Association Of Social Worker1138 Words   |  5 PagesReading the Code of Ethic for National Association of Social Worker (NASW) I see that the code of ethics if pretty similar to my own set of values. Upon reviewing the code of ethics, it parallels how my approach to clients is treated regardless of their status in the community. The ethical principles are to ensure that dignity and worth of the person, social justice, and importance of human relations, integrity and competency is a service that should be afforded to anyone. These core values haveRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers1452 Words   |  6 PagesPreamble of the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers it is stated that â€Å"the primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† (Socialworkers.org, 2008). Social workers must consider the many levels that accompany each case and also remember to consult the Code of Ethics so that theyRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesmax). The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is designed to communicate the fundamental values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the social work profession, regardless of the role in which the workers are functioning. These codes should always be consulted as guidelines when ethical issues arise to get the best outcome for the clients. Good human service workers know this and stay up to date with any changes to the codes of ethics. They are alsoRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagessingle space max). The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is designed to communicate the fundamental values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the social work profession, regardless the roles the workers are functioning these codes should always be consulted as guidelines when ethical issues arise while pursuing the best outcome for the Clients. Good human service workers know this and are familiar with the codes of ethics. They are also clear on managingRead MoreThe National Association Of Social Workers Code Of Ethics Essay2287 Words   |  10 PagesSocial work is a very unique profession. The other professions that are in the same realm as social work are very specialized, however, social workers must have a broad range of knowledge in order to help their clients. This is where multiple agencies come together to make sure professionals are properly trained and knowledgeable. In the field of social work, ethics and values are the key principles that prov ide the basis for the mission. It is these principles that guide the decisions and actionsRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of National Association Of Social Workers1948 Words   |  8 PagesPurposes, functions, and goal of social work Social work refers to the profession in which there is a â€Å"distinctive emphasis... on the interface between individuals and their social environment† (Toseland Rivas, 2005, p. 5). The profession was created as a response to a need or concern (Johnson Yanca, 2010, p. 4). Common human needs include: food, shelter, clothing, health care, opportunities for emotional and intellectual growth, as well as meaningful relationships (Johnson Yanca, 2010, pRead MoreHuman Services Professional or Social Workers Code and Ethics542 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a pressing need for a high level of worker/client boundary identification when working within a client population, however realizing a conflict of interest scenario is vitally important when facing a dual relationship with a client. There are so many issues that are faced by a human service professional, explaining all of them may be difficult. In this field there are issues such as burnout, secondary trauma, compassion satis faction, dual relationships, and boundary issues. (Reamer, F. (2012)Read MoreEthics And Code Of Ethics1359 Words   |  6 Pagesethical codes in which it is useful to become aware of these differences for your future employment in working with a variety of professionals. Future coworkers may have different views and opinions however, a code of ethics will individualize these professionals and set standards. By making yourself aware of the differences, communication can become easier between employees of various backgrounds. Two particular organizations to compare may include the American Counseling Association Code of EthicsRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics, are implemented to educate employees on the ethical principles, morals and values of a company or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS ) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they must

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sunshine Chapter 16 Free Essays

We drove. Old county buildings quickly became Old Town, which turned almost as quickly into downtown and then rather more slowly into nothing-in-particular town, blocks of slightly shabby houses giving way to blocks of somewhat seedy shops and offices and back again. It wasn’t a big city; we went over the line into what most of us called No Town far too soon. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the first place I didn’t want to go there at all, in the second place I didn’t like being reminded that it was so close. New Arcadia’s only big bad spots are in No Town, which did compel a certain amount of evasive driving. Even a SOF car can only go where there are still roads, and urban bad spots get blocked off fast. But we weren’t going nearly indirectly enough for me. Here moved out of the back of my mind into the front, like Large Zombie Rat getting up off your living room floor and following you into the kitchen where you realize that it’s bigger and uglier than you thought, and its teeth are longer, and while zombies are really, really stupid, they’re also really, really vicious. They’re also nearly as fast as vampires, and since they don’t just happen, they’re made for a purpose, if one is coming after you, that’s probably its purpose, and you’re in big trouble. Here was getting worse. It was going to burst out of my skull and dance on the dashboard, and it wouldn’t be anything anyone wanted to watch. â€Å"Stop,† I said. Pat stopped. I tried to breathe. Zombie Rat seemed to be sitting on my chest, so I couldn’t. I couldn’t see it any more though – there didn’t seem to be anything left but its little red eyes – no, its huge, drowning, no-color eyes – â€Å"I – can’t – any – more – turn – around,† I think is what I said. I don’t remember. I remember after Pat turned around and started driving back toward Old Town. After what felt like a long time I began breathing again. I was clammy with sweat and my head ached as if pieces of my skull had been broken and the edges were grinding together. But Zombie Rat was gone. That had been far too much like the bad spot the SOF car hadn’t protected us from, the day Jesse and Pat took me back out to the house on the lake. (Those no-color eyes†¦both mirror-flat and chasm-deep†¦if they were eyes†¦) But we hadn’t tried to drive through a bad spot. And this time it was just me. Pat and Jesse hadn’t noticed anything. Except my little crisis. I didn’t know if I was angrier at their making me try to do – whatever – or at the fact that I’d failed. I’d been to No Town when I was a teenager. It wasn’t like I had no idea. Any teenager with the slightest pretensions toward being stark, spartan, whatever, which I’m afraid I had had, will probably give it a try if it’s offered, and it will be offered. And No Town is a rite of passage; quite sensible kids go at least once. I’d been there more than once. Some of the clubs were pretty spartan by anyone’s standards. Kenny said (out of Mom’s hearing) this was still true. And it was also still true (Kenny said) that you dared each other to climb farther in, over the rubble around the bad spots, although nobody got very far. But I hadn’t got any less far than anyone else, when I was his age. So had whatever-it-was moved there since my time, or was I just more sensitive now than I had been? No Town was actually a lot cleaner now than it had been when I was sixteen and seventeen, which was right after the Wars. Having been once captured by vampires, did I now overreact to their presence? If â€Å"overreact to vampires† wasn’t a contradiction in terms. Or was this another horrible, specific one-off, like my having heard the giggler when no one else could? I didn’t know if I wanted the answer to be yes or no. If it was no, then it might mean my sucker connection was general, which didn’t bear thinking about. But if it was yes, then it meant I was picking up something to do with Bo. Which didn’t bear thinking about. Unless it was Con. Unless this had been his daylight wards, protecting him, protecting us, in the company of a couple of sucker-hating SOFs. No. It wasn’t Con. Whatever it was, it wasn’t Con. Pat drove around into the SOF back lot again. Neither of them had said any word of blame or failure or frustration to me, although I felt I could hear them both thinking. Words like â€Å"triangulation.† I didn’t know if they’d marked where I made them turn around. Probably. But neither of them mentioned it. Yet. â€Å"I’d take you straight to Charlie’s but I don’t think you want the neighborhood seeing you show up in a SOF car,† Pat said, as offhand as if we’d been buying groceries. I started to shake my head – unmarked SOF cars were like SOFs out of uniform; you still knew – but changed my mind. â€Å"Thanks.† I fumbled for the door handle. â€Å"Do you want to come back in? You look a little†¦worn. There are a few bedrooms in the back. They’re pretty basic but they have beds and they’re quiet. Or I could run you home.† This time I did manage to shake my head. Carefully. â€Å"No. Thanks. I’m going for a walk. Clear my head.† The last thing I wanted to do was lie down in a small dark room and try to go to sleep. I didn’t want to go home either. There might be a dead rat in the living room. I got out of the car, lifted my face to the sunlight. It felt like a good fairy’s kiss. Except good fairies don’t exist. As I walked toward the exit Pat called after me, â€Å"Hey. Didn’t you want to tell us something? When you came in.† I looked at him, at the way the shadows fell across his face. He was leaning on the roof of the car, which was unmarked-cop-car blue. That was probably why the shadows in the hollows of his eyes, his upper lip, his throat, looked blue. â€Å"I forget now,† I said. â€Å"It’ll come back to me.† Pat smiled a little: a twitch of the lips. â€Å"Sorry, Sunshine.† I raised a hand and turned away again. He said softly, â€Å"See you.† He could have meant only that he’d see me at Charlie’s, where we’d seen each other for years. But I knew that wasn’t what he meant. I went for a long walk. I spiraled slowly through Old Town, from the outside edge, where SOF headquarters and City Hall lie on the boundary between Old Town and downtown, to the next circle where the area library and the Other Museum and the older city buildings are, through several small parks and down the long green aisle of General Aster’s Way (purple in autumn with michaelmas daisies, some municipal gardener’s idea of a joke), and then into the back streets of Charlie’s neighborhood, where everyone gets lost occasionally, even people who have lived there all their lives, like Charlie and Mary and Kyoko. I was used to getting lost. I didn’t mind. I’d come to something I recognized eventually. I wandered and thought about the latest thing I didn’t want to think about. There seemed to be so many things I didn’t want to think about lately. I didn’t want to think about my increasing sense that something had happened to Con. And that it mattered. There is no fellowship between humans and vampires. We are fire and water, heads and tails, north and south†¦day and night. Maybe I was imagining the bond. Maybe it was a way of dealing with what had happened. Like post-traumatic thingummy. Con himself said the bond existed, but he could be wrong too. Vampires are deadly, but no one says they’re infallible. I blinked my treacherous eyes, watching the things in the shadows slither and sparkle. I had plenty to worry about already. I didn’t have to worry about vampires too. One vampire. The last thing I wanted to be doing was worrying about him. No, the next to last thing. The last thing I wanted was to be bound to him. I hadn’t thought I had any – did I mean innocence? – to lose, after those two nights on the lake. I didn’t know you could go on finding out you’d had stuff by losing it. This didn’t seem like a very good method to me. Over two months of being slowly poisoned probably hadn’t been really good for me either. And the nightmares had been bad. But in a way they’d still been pure. I’d made a mistake – a mistake I’d paid dearly for – but it had been a mistake. A month ago, I’d called on Con. Okay, I was at the end of my tether. But I’d still asked a vampire for help – not Mel, not a human doctor of human medicine. And he’d helped me. The nightmares I’d had since weren’t pure at all. My thought paused there, teetering on the edge of a precipice, and then fell over. What if it hadn’t been a mistake, driving out to the lake? What if I’d had to do it – if not that exact thing, then something similar. What if that restlessness I hadn’t been able to name had caused exactly what it was meant to cause? That question I hadn’t asked Con, out by the lake, is my dad another of your old enemies? Or your old friends? Between the dark thoughts inside my head and the leaping, glittery shadows my eyes saw, I had to stop. I was at the edge of Oldroy’s Park. I groped my way to a bench and sat down. I sat there, and stared at the tree opposite me, and the way the rough ridges of its bark seemed to wiggle where they lay in shade. My thoughts were stuck on that night at the lake. I never liked coincidence much, but I hated the sense I was making now. I watched the wiggling bark. It occurred to me that this was new. I’d been seeing into shadows, but merely what was there, as if there was a rather erratic light on it. This was something else. Which gave me something I could bear to think about, so I thought about it. A few more minutes passed and it seemed to me it was as if I was watching the tree breathing. I found a leaf in shadow, and looked at it for a while; it twinkled, as if with tiny starbursts, but rather than thinking ugh – weird, I kept watching, till there seemed to be a pattern. I thought, it’s as if I’m watching its pores opening and closing. I looked down at my hands. The shadows between the fingers gleamed like a banked fire. The tiny shadows laid by the veins on the backs of them were a tiny, flickering dark green edged with a tinier, even more flickering red. The daylight part of the veins looked as it always did. In the shadow places I could see the blood moving. I was sitting in sunlight, not shade. I automatically chose sun if there was any sun to be had. I remembered the sun on my back the first morning at the lake, like the arm of a friend. I closed my eyes. I heard the footsteps but I didn’t expect them to pause. â€Å"Pardon me,† said a voice. â€Å"Are you all right?† ; I opened my eyes. An old woman stood there, a little bent over, leaning on the handle of her two-wheeled shopping cart. â€Å"You look – tired,† she said. â€Å"Can I fetch you anything? There is a shop on the corner. And it has a pay phone. Can I call someone for you?† She had a nice face. She would be someone you would be glad to have as a neighbor, or as a regular at the coffeehouse you and your family ran. I looked at the shadows that fell half across her face and saw†¦I don’t know how†¦that she was a partblood. And that something about my expression was maybe making her guess I might be going through finding that out about myself. And remembering how hard this was she was going to ask me, a total stranger, if I was all right. I hauled myself back into the ordinary world, and the vision faded. The shadows that fell across her face reverted to being the usual, disorienting, see-through, funny-edged shadows I’d been seeing for a month. She smiled. â€Å"I’m sorry to disturb you. I – er – I thought you might perhaps – er – â€Å" â€Å"Want to be disturbed?† I said. â€Å"Yes. Isn’t it†¦silly†¦how†¦upsetting†¦just thinking can be?† â€Å"It’s not silly at all. The insides of our own minds are the scariest things there are.† Scarier than vampires? I thought. Scarier than an affinity for vampires? Well. That was what she’d said, wasn’t it? What my mind contained was an affinity for vampires. She was fishing around in her cart and pulled out a package of Fig Carousels and another of Chocolate Pinwheels. I laughed. She smiled at me again. â€Å"Which?† she said, holding them out toward me. I hadn’t had a Pinwheel in fifteen years, although the secret recipe for Sunshine’s Killer Zebras was the later result of a three-pack-a-week pre-Charlie’s childhood. I pointed to the Pinwheels. She tore open the packet, sat down, and offered it to me. â€Å"Thank you,† I said. She took one too. We sat in silence for a while, and did away with several more Pinwheels. â€Å"Thank you,† I said again. â€Å"Maud,† she said. â€Å"I’m Maud. I live – there,† and she pointed to one of the old townhouses that surrounded the little park. â€Å"I sit here often, in warm weather. I’ve found it’s a good place for thinking; I like to believe Colonel Oldroy was a pleasant fellow, which is why the disagreeable thoughts seem to fall away if you sit here.† Colonel Oldroy had been one of those military scientist bozos who spent decades locked up in some huge secret underground maze because whatever they were doing was so superclassified that the existence of a lab to do it in was confidential information. It still wasn’t public knowledge where his lab had been, but Oldroy got the credit, or the blame, for the blood test SOF still used on job applicants. Before Oldroy there was no reliable test for demon partbloods. (Remember that demon is a hodge-podge word. A Were can’t be a partblood; you either are one or you aren’t. Anything else, anything alive that is, may be called a demon, although things like peris and angels will probably protest.) Pretty much the first thing that Oldroy discovered was that he was a partblood. He’d retired before they had a chance to throw him out, and spent the last twenty years of his life breeding roses, and naming them things like Lucifer, Mammon, Beelzebub, and Belphegor. Belp hegor, under the less controversial name Pure of Heart, was a big commercial success. Mom had a Pure of Heart in her back yard. Oldroy may not have had a very happy life, but it sounded like he’d had a sense of humor. I wondered if he’d had anything to do with synthesizing the drug that made partbloods piss green or blue-violet but pass his blood test, or with setting up the bootleg mentor system. â€Å"Sometimes you have help,† I said. â€Å"Sometimes people come along and offer you Chocolate Pinwheels.† â€Å"Sometimes,† she said. â€Å"I’m Rae,† I said. â€Å"Do you know Charlie’s Coffeehouse? It’s about a quarter mile that way,† I said, pointing. â€Å"I don’t get that far very often,† she said. â€Å"Well, some time, if you want to, you might like to try our Killer Zebras. There’s a strong family resemblance†¦Tell whoever serves you that Sunshine says you can have as many as you can carry away, to bring back to this park and eat. In the sunshine.† â€Å"Are you Sunshine then too?† I sighed. â€Å"Yes. I guess. I’m Sunshine too.† â€Å"Good for you,† she said, and patted my knee. I got home that night at about nine-thirty and had a cup of cinnamon and rosehip tea and stared out at the dark and thought. There was at least one good result of my negative epiphany that afternoon in Oldroy Park: there seemed to me suddenly so many worse things that worrying about Con seemed clean and straightforward. He had saved my life, after all. Twice. Never mind the extenuating circumstances. I stood on my little balcony and remembered: I could not come to you if you did not call me, but if you called I had to come. â€Å"Constantine,† I said quietly, into the darkness. â€Å"Do you need me? You have to call me if you do. You told me the rules yourself.† He’d said Bo was after us. And that Bo would make a move soon. I rather thought that â€Å"soon† in this instance meant a definition of soon that humans and vampires could agree on. Con should have been back before now to tell me what was going on, what we were going to do. How far he’d got in tracing Bo. He hadn’t. There was something wrong. I slept badly that night, but this was getting to be so usual that it was an effort to try to decide if the nightmares I’d had were the kind I should pay attention to or not. I decided that they probably were, but I didn’t know what kind of attention to pay, so I wasn’t going to. I went in to work, turned my brain off, and started making cinnamon rolls, and garlic-rosemary buns for lunch. Then I made brown sugar brownies, Rocky Road Avalanche, Killer Zebras, and a lot of muffins, and then it was ten-thirty and I had the lunch shift free. I had pulled my apron off and was about to untie my scarf when Mel’s hand stopped me long enough for him to kiss the back of my neck. I shook my hair out and said â€Å"Yes† and we went back to his house together and spent some time on the roof. There’s nothing nicer than making love outdoors on a warm sunny day, and this late in the year it felt like getting away with something too. Mel used to laugh, sometimes, right after he came, in this gentle, surprised way, as if he’d never expected to be this happy, and then he’d kiss me, thoughtfully, and I’d hang on to him and hope that I was reading the signs right. That afternoon was one of those times. He’d wound up on top, which, I admit, I had slightly engineered, since there was a bit of an autumnal breeze snaking around and it was nice and warm under Mel’s body. His breath smelled of coffee and cinnamon. We lay there some time afterward – I loved that butterfly-wings feeling of a hard-on getting unhard inside me – and while we lay there I was all right and the world was all right and everything that might not be all right was on hold. And it was daylight and with my treacherous eyes shut I could just lie there and feel the sunshine on my face. After a comfortable, rather dreamy lunch he went downstairs to take apart or put together some motorcycle and I went off to the library. I wanted to talk to Aimil. She looked up from her desk, smiled faintly and said, â€Å"I have a break in, uh, forty minutes,† and went back to whatever she was doing. I had a pass through the NEW shelves where there was a book hysterically titled The Scourge of the Other. It was a good two inches thick. I considered stealing it and putting it through the meat grinder at Charlie’s, but the library would only buy another one and the detritus of ink and binding glue probably wouldn’t do the quality of Charlie’s meatloaf any good. I knew without picking it up that the chapters would have rabble-rousing headings like â€Å"The Demon Menace† and â€Å"The Curse of the Were.† I wasn’t going to guess what noun was desperate enough for vampires. Four months ago I would have just scowled. Today it gave me a hard-knot-in-pit-of-stomach feeling. It was turning out I had a lot of Other friends. And Con, of course, whatever he was. Con, are you all right? My tea was already steeping when I went back to the tiny staff kitchen to find Aimil. â€Å"So, how did it happen?† I said. She didn’t bother to ask how did what happen. â€Å"I knew about your SOFs at Charlie’s because you told me about them.† â€Å"I told you so you wouldn’t stop speaking to me because I seemed to like some guys who wore khaki and navy blue.† â€Å"That they were SOF was supposed to help?† â€Å"They told the best Other stories.† â€Å"I guess. I could have done without the one†¦never mind. Anyway, so I recognized them when they came here. One day Pat and Jesse asked if I’d come by the SOF office some day for a chat – I hadn’t realized you could feel surrounded by two people, you know? – and what was I going to say, no? So I said yes. And then they asked me if I’d be interested in doing a little work for SOF and of course I said no, and then they started working around to telling me they weren’t so interested that I was a reference librarian as they were interested in what I was doing with Otherwatch and Beware. They seemed to know what I was doing at home too, and before I totally freaked Pat held his breath and turned blue. I said, what’s to prevent me reporting you? And he said, because you’re another one†¦I have no idea how they found out.† Aimil stopped, but she didn’t stop like end-of-the-story stop. â€Å"And?† I said. She sighed. â€Å"Rae, I’m sorry. They also said, because you’re a friend of Sunshine’s.† There was no window in the little library staff kitchen. I wanted sunlight. What had my friendship to do with anything? She’d been working for SOF for almost two years. â€Å"And you didn’t tell me.† Aimil walked over to the door and closed it gently. I didn’t want anyone to hear us either, but my spine started prickling with claustrophobia, or dark-o-phobia anyway. â€Å"I’m sorry,† said Aimil. â€Å"It’s only been since I’ve been working for them that I’ve started†¦have been able to start thinking of myself as Other. As a partblood. The best way to pass is to believe in the role, you know? My parents know, of course, but they haven’t made any attempt to find out where it comes from. None of my brothers had anything weird happen to them, and so far as I know they don’t know about me. I haven’t told my family I’m SOF, and I haven’t – hadn’t – told anyone I’m partblood. Who was I going to tell? Why? The only person who would have a right to know is the father of my children, and I’m not going to have children and pass this on. I hope none of my brothers’ kid s†¦well. Because I’d have to tell them then.† I didn’t say anything right away. â€Å"When did you find out?† â€Å"Yeah,† said Aimil. â€Å"Right about the time I met you. You looked as lost as I felt. And then it turned out we got along, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Did everyone but my mother and me assume that who my dad was was public knowledge?† â€Å"It wasn’t quite that bad.† I looked at her. She said reluctantly, â€Å"It was maybe worse during the Voodoo Wars but by then everyone knew you, and your mom had married Charlie, and Charlie’s family has lived in Old Town forever, and you were normal by context, you know? And then you had two dead-normal little pests for brothers. Nobody ever, ever caught you doing anything weird at school – you seemed just as fascinated as the rest of us when some of the Ngus and Bloodaxes and so on talked about magic handling. I don’t deny that a few people looked at you a little sideways.† I’d let my tea sit too long, but the bitterness in my mouth seemed appropriate. â€Å"You were into cooking, Rae. And a generation or two ago the Blaises were top dog, sure – â€Å" Were they, I thought. So many things my mother never told me. Although I couldn’t really blame her for my avoiding reading globenet articles that mentioned the Blaises. Could I? I’d wanted to be Rae Seddon. â€Å"You still heard a little about them at the beginning of the Wars†¦but then it’s like what was left of them disappeared. So maybe you were genuinely normal, you know? Most people say that magic handling runs out in families sooner or later.† â€Å"The SOFs didn’t think so,† I muttered. Disappeared. Bo’s lot brought me a Blaise. And, not just a third cousin who can do card tricks and maybe write a ward sign that almost works, but Onyx Blaise’s daughter. Onyx Blaise. Whose mother taught his daughter to transmute. How did the people who were looking at me sideways count those one or two generations? What else could my gran do? Had she done? Disappeared how? â€Å"And nobody gets more normal than your mom.† True. I would think about how to thank her for my very well embedded normalcy later. It might be difficult to choose between cyanide and garrotting. â€Å"Can we go outside?† I said. The sun was behind a cloud but daylight is still better than indoors. â€Å"Aimil. I want to ask you a favor.† â€Å"Done.† â€Å"Okay. Thanks. It’s what SOF wants me to do – try and get some location fix on one of your creepy cosmails. But I want to do it somewhere that isn’t behind proofglass.† â€Å"In daylight,† said Aimil. â€Å"Okay. We’ll do it at my house. My next afternoon off is Thursday.† â€Å"I’ll find someone to swap with.† â€Å"It’s not only the proofglass, is it? It’s also SOF. You don’t want to do it just because SOF tells you to.† How to cite Sunshine Chapter 16, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Computing Paradigm Scenarios And Security - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Computing Paradigm Scenarios And Security. Answer: Introduction Networking is a design and use of network, which includes the selection and use of telecommunication protocol including the use of cabling, switches and routers for managing the network. Networking refers to the exchange of information and resource sharing among the different devices connected over a particular network. Therefore, ensuring proper security in networking is to be ensured in order to prevent the unauthorized access of the information and computer resources. This is necessary because generally, a business connects all their systems and computers over a common network, and security issue in a single device can affect the entire system or put the system into risk. The report discusses the different security issues associated with the networking and the different improvements in the networking system over the years [3]. Background and related Areas The security issue in networking can arise from vulnerability present in the security system that is exploited by a security risk or threat. The different security issue that may arise in networking includes, security breaches, loss of data along with the threat of malicious attacks. Therefore, ensuring proper measures is essential in order to reduce the vulnerability of the network. Over the years, different researches have been conducted in this field to avoid these network security threats. This includes, use of different security devices, firewalls and antivirus software in the network and devices, to detect and prevent the malicious use and unauthorized access of information from the system. Other security measures that can be taken in order to prevent the unauthorized access to the confidential data stored over a particular network includes encryption of systems data in order to prevent any unauthorized access [2]. In order to eliminate the security issues of the system, the use of VPN or virtual private network is widespread across the organization. This is because the virtual private network helps in creating a secure link for protecting the information exchange over a particular network. It prevents anyone from accessing and modifying any information while it is being transferred across the channel [1]. There are different cause of network security problems, which includes the technology weakness, policy weakness and the configuration weakness [5]. The use of technology in every business operation is widespread and therefore, some unknown inherent weakness and vulnerabilities in a network can sufficiently act as a huge threat in a particular network. Similarly, lack of proper policy management in a network leads to security threats in a network. This includes lack of a proper disaster recovery plan, lack of policy for changes in hardware and software of system along with the lack of proper security monitoring. Security Issues in Networking Every networking device is subjected to different threats that require implementation of proper preventive measures for detecting and eliminating these vulnerabilities from the system. The different security issues associated with networking are as follows- Hacking into a network is one of the primary security issues associated with networking. Hacking refers to the unauthorized use of data and servers. This can be prevented by use of proper intrusion detection system in the network. Denial of Service attack is less harmful yet one of the most common security issues in networking. There had been a considerable increase in the rate of DoS and DDoS (Distributed Denial of service attack) in different networks over the years [4]. In this attack, the attacker floods the servers that overwhelm the victim resources making it impossible for the legitimate users in accessing the system. This might further result in a system crash, thereby stopping the entire operation of the network [6]. It has been observed over the years that the different security issues in the network arise from the misconfiguration of the systems and servers and not by any vulnerability. Misconfiguration of the servers results in the firewall breaches that lead to the loss of data and data theft. Botnet is another major issue that is observed on networking security. A lot of improvement are needed in this area in order to prevent the accordance of such attacks [7]. A botnet is a system that is been hacked by an attacker in order to forward viruses and spams to the computers that are connected over a common network [9]. Shared computer over a particular network is a threat as a number of people can access these systems. Another major security attack in networking is the password attack, where the hackers are able to determine the password of a network and can able to access it without the knowledge of the owner. This is very difficult to prevent, as many hacking software is used in order to access the password and therefore, it is one the major security issues in networking. Technical Specifications Vulnerabilities in Configuration is one of the major causes of the networking security issues and therefore, proper configuration of the firewall in a system or a network is essential in order to prevent it. The steps involving proper configuration of the system are illustrated below- All the ports of the server that are not in use should be blocked, as this will prevent the opening of the unwanted ports to launch an attack. The configuration of the server of a network should be in accordance to an average hit rate. This is because if the attacker can access the main server, it can degrade the performance of the network by sending unwanted spam and emails. The VPN implementation for disaster recovery should include the proper encryption methods [9]. The wireless networking system if implemented in a network should be subjected to proper authentication method preferably WPA2 as WEP is more prone to attacks [8]. Advantages and Disadvantages There are various advantages and disadvantages of evaluating the different security issues in networking. It helps in understanding and identifying the different vulnerabilities present in a network. Knowledge about the security issues in a network is essential for mitigating the risks associated with the system. Different researches over the years have considerably helped in unveiling the different security issues associated with networking and introduction of different risk mitigation approaches that can be implemented in order to eliminate the problem. One of the major disadvantages is that improper use of different risk mitigation approaches might have a negative effect in the networking system, leading to the risk of misconfiguration security issue. Improvements in security in networking over the years Over the years, the networking security issues have increased by many folds, however, there is a considerable advancement in breach detection tools such as, improve in security and event-monitoring system. The use of multifactor authentication and encryption has considerably helped in increasing the security of the system. The security assessment tools are emerging over the years that are able to detect the network vulnerability thus reducing the occurrence of network security attack [11]. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are certain network security issues that are associated with networking, which includes the hacking, botnet attack, DDos attack and so on. This can be prevented by proper system configuration and use of proper intrusion detection systems. Proper configuration of the hardware and software is necessary for detecting any present threat in the network and eliminate the threats. A lot of improvements in the field of networking has been observed over the years and thus at present, it becomes possible to detect the a threat present in the system. References [1] Stojmenovic, Ivan, and Sheng Wen. "The fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues." InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on, pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2014. [2] Stolfo, Salvatore J., Malek Ben Salem, and Angelos D. Keromytis. "Fog computing: Mitigating insider data theft attacks in the cloud." InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2012 IEEE Symposium on, pp. 125-128. IEEE, 2012. [3] Jung, Taeho, Xiang-Yang Li, Zhiguo Wan, and Meng Wan. "Privacy preserving cloud data access with multi-authorities." InINFOCOM, 2013 Proceedings IEEE, pp. 2625-2633. IEEE, 2013. [4] Zhang, Heng, Peng Cheng, Ling Shi, and Jiming Chen. "Optimal DoS attack scheduling in wireless networked control system."IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology24, no. 3 . 2016: 843-852. [5] Shin, Seungwon, and Gu. Guofei, "Attacking software-defined networks: A first feasibility study." InProceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot topics in software defined networking, pp. 165-166. ACM, 2013. [6] Bogdanoski, Mitko, Tomislav Shuminoski, and Aleksandar Risteski. "Analysis of the SYN flood DoS attack."International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security5, no. 8. 2013: 1. [7] Zhao, David, Issa Traore, Bassam Sayed, Wei Lu, Sherif Saad, Ali Ghorbani, and Dan Garant. "Botnet detection based on traffic behavior analysis and flow intervals."Computers Security39. 2013: 2-16. [8] Ambavkar, S. Pranav, U. Pranit, B. Patil, B. Meshram, and Pamu Kumar Swamy. "WPA exploitation in the world of wireless network."Int J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol1, no. 4. 2012: 609-618. [9] Lim, Sharon, J. Ha, H. Kim, Y. Kim, and S. Yang. "A SDN-oriented DDoS blocking scheme for botnet-based attacks." InUbiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), 2014 Sixth International Conf on, pp. 63-68. IEEE, 2014. [10] F. Ahmed, Z. U. Butt, and U. A. Siddiqui. "MPLS based VPN Implementation in a Corporate Environment."Journal of Information Technology Software Engineering6, no. 5. 2016: 1-7. [11] Eldardiry, Hoda, Evgeniy Bart, Juan Liu, John Hanley, Bob Price, and Oliver Brdiczka. "Multi-domain information fusion for insider threat detection." InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2013 IEEE, pp. 45-51. IEEE, 2013.

Wednesday, April 1, 2020

Research Paper The Great Depression Essay Example

Research Paper The Great Depression Essay Which are the main factors that led to the Great Depression? Crash of the Stock Market One of the main caused the collapse of the stock market was double price of the stocks. Shareholders increased the price of stocks in order to make high profits. For instance, the Dow Jones Industrial Average won from 191 in 1928 to 381 in 1929. (Gussmorino) Furthermore, a lot of people (despite they didn’t have all the money) started to buy stocks on credit because were more profitable. For instance, if Mr. Brown purchases one share from Lee company for $10 and borrowing $85, after one or two years he could sell it for $350. Because the prices of the market were flying very high, the demand was lower. For this reason, borders lowered the prices and started to sell as quickly as they could. But by this action they made the crash closer than they could imagine. Finally, the stock market crash of 1929 caused stockholders to lose more than $40 billion dollars, and bank failures all over the United States. (Gusmorino) We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Overproduction Companies started to produce more than the market’s quantity demand. Said in other words there was a surplus, which brought the market to the depression. (Himmelberg) Farmers and industries produced more goods then were demanded. Also the trade with foreign countries, especially with Europe low down. Colin (October 19, 2008) in his article â€Å"Causes and Effects of the Great Depression† stated that there was an overproduction because firms were selling, but no one was purchasing. Families were very poor for buying goods that market offered. It was very hard to find a new job. Industries and farms lowered the number of workers because they had enough goods to sell. The Monetary Factor Monetary reduction was one of the factors that brought in Great Depression. In 1928-1929 the American’s banks raised the interest rates. This limited loans for business and supply of money. These limitations slow down the economy b

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Truman Capote and Perry Essay Example

Truman Capote and Perry Essay Example Truman Capote and Perry Paper Truman Capote and Perry Paper became unusable. So people had to start trading things like coffee, whiskey, gas, and other things that people actually needed. What instances of there of people being in positions of power or public authority who should not be, before and after The Day? How does Randy’s exercise of authority contrast with that of others, from the pilot Pee Wee to Bubba Offenhaus, Edgar Quisenberry, and Porky Logan? Pg. 133 When it comes to who’s in charge after The Day, Randy steps up to the plate and tries to organize everything that is going on. He gets together a group of veterans, and they take charge of the place. They stop the highway men from doing more damage, end up making laws, and everything else that the others that used to be in charge failed to do. The people that used to be in charge weren’t able to acclimate. Pg. 122-Edgar shot himself because his life revolved around money and the bank, and that no longer mattered. In Chapter 4, Helen points out that her children, and all children in the late 1950’s â€Å"have lived under the shadow of war-atomic war. For them the abnormal had become normal. † Do children today live under a comparable shadow or shadows? If so, what are the possible consequences for them? I don’t think children live under a shadow; I feel like there’s not a whole lot to be afraid of here. But then again, there’s a lot I don’t know about the world and what’s going on in it. If there is a shadow.. It would be the coming of a depression or global warming. The consequences are that we won’t be prepared for whatever is going to come our way. What are the consequences- for Randy himself, for his family and friends, and for all of Fort Repose-of Randy’s decision in Chapter 5, that â€Å"he would have to play by the old rules†? In what ways do Randy and others subsequently act in accordance with or in opposition to â€Å"the old rules†? Randy and the others have to play by the old rules by how they survive. They have to learn how to live like the ancient Egyptians did back in the day. ? What is the sequence of the escalating breakdown of â€Å"normal† order, institutions, and public services? How do people react to the sudden absence of services and procedures that they-we-take for granted? Would reactions today be different or similar? What do you think is the most serious loss? First the banks start closing, then the stores run out of supplies, then gas starts to run out, then food starts to run out, then all the other necessities start running out. But as they all run out, different people think of different solutions to make up for what was lost. Like the boat instead of the car, the salted meat instead of refrigerated meat, the artisan water instead of regular water, orange juice and citrus instead of milk, guns instead of wallets, stuff like that. Some people react well and go along with the new changes, trying to adapt; other people do not adapt well at all, and end up dying. I think if the situation happened today it would be similar, if not worse. Most of us take for granted the little things in life, like coffee and clean water. After reading the book, it seems like the most serious loss would be lack of salt. In Chapter 5, Frank writes of bank president Edgar Quisenberry that â€Å"He had forgotten the implacable law of scarcity. † How would you define/describe that law? How does it come into play for the people of Fort Repose, and what effects does it have? The implacable law of scarcity is when someone can never everything he wants, and never have it his way. I guess when everyone loses it all, there isn’t any more classes. No more first class and third class; everyone’s in the same boat: poor. It comes into play in Fort Repose with Mr. McGovern, mostly. He starts working with someone who used to work for him. The African American children go to school and play with the white children. In some ways, there’s more unity. In other situations, people turn on each other, fighting for their own survival. Is Helen’s â€Å"inventory of necessities,† in Chapter 6, realistic and appropriate? What would be included in your inventory of necessities in the case of a similar catastrophe? Why? Her list of necessities probably seemed somewhat appropriate at the time, but looking ahead, they should have tried to get the absolute necessities. After reading this book my list of necessities would have been: gas, shoes, coffee, salt, sweets, meat, candles, radio, batteries, medical stuff, and ammunition. I’m probably missing some, but I wouldn’t have been able to come up with a good list if I hadn’t read this book. In Chapter 6, Dan mentions historian Arnold Toynbee in a conversation with Randy. Discuss the significance of this passage in terms of the theme of the novel? Pg. 133 â€Å"His theory of challenge and response applies not only to nations, but to individuals. Some nations and some people melt in the heat of crisis and come apart like fat in the pan. Others meet the challenge and harden. † â€Å"They created and lived in an environment of paper profits, and when paper returned to paper, they had to kill themselves, not realizing that their environment was unnatural and artificial. † Those two quotes are the main theme of the book. The book showed us how we live, and not to take everything we have for granted. As fast as we get it, it can all be taken away. It showed us that we should be more grateful for the little things in life.. Or that’s what it showed me. What factors of character and circumstance justify Randy’s assuming responsibility for and authority over Fort Repose? Is his thought in Chapter 7-†When you had the responsibility you also had the right to command†-explanation enough? I think that Randy taking charge because he had the responsibility was enough of an explanation. Randy was doing what he thought would benefit the community the most, and it did indeed do so. To what extent does â€Å"survival of the fittest† apply in Fort Repose after The Day? What do Randy and the others understand that phrase to mean? What do you understand it to mean? Only the fit and adept could survive. If you couldn’t adapt to change, you weren’t going to live. Randy thought of it when Florence’s cat ate her bird. The cat didn’t have anything else to eat, so it had to do what it had to do. I wouldn’t want to eat an armadillo, but if there was nothing else to eat, I’d be eating that armadillo! How did the lives of some of the characters improve after The Day? The lives of the Henry’s improved because they were looked at as equals to everyone else. The lives of the poor people changed for the better because they became equal as everyone else, also. After The Day, Alice finally found her meaning of life. She was able to be someone important as a librarian, everyone started coming to her. What change in black and white relationships evolved after The Day? Black and white relationships became more equal, as discussed previously. How might the burial of Porky Logan be considered the turning point of the novel? The burial of Porky Logan could be a turning point of the book because after he (Randy’s rival) dies, Randy takes up the position of authority that Porky had had and leads the people in a very good and effective way. Does it matter who won this war? It doesn’t really matter who won the war with the amount of damage done, people were still focusing on what really mattered: survival. Why do you think Frank selected a phrase from The Revelation of John as the title of his book? To what extent do you think he intended the references to Babylon in chapters 17 and 18 of The Revelation to apply to the United States of the 1950’s? To what extent might they apply to the United States of today? Frank must have used the phrase form The Revelation of John to show that what he’s writing has to do with some of his Christian beliefs. How is the novel critical of American wealth? The novel is critical of American wealth, in that it shows us we don’t really need all that we have. We don’t need cash to survive, what we really need is food, water, shelter .. etc. What do you know now that you didn’t know before you read this book? I know now what kinds of things to do in survival situations that I wouldn’t have known. Things like putting salt on meat to preserve it, eating armadillos .. etc.

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Health and Happiness Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Happiness Democracy - Essay Example Studies from California to Michigan established that social connectedness is one of the most powerful determinants of well being. According to the study, frequent participation in community activities and social gathering reduces the risk of having diseases like cancer or heart attack. On the other hand, sociologist James House and his colleague stated that social connectedness also contributes to the biomedical risk factors such as cigarette smoking and obesity. Researchers are not sure why social cohesion affects the well-being of an individual but they proposed theories why social cohesion matters. First, social networks offer assistance thereby, reducing mental and physical stress. It reinforce healthy norms and able to organize politically to ensure first-rate medical services. Another researcher named Lisa Berkman speculated that social isolation is a chronically stressful condition to which the organism responds by aging faster.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

A regression analysis study on the relationship between oil price Dissertation

A regression analysis study on the relationship between oil price volatility and UK oil and gas companies' returns - Dissertation Example The findings of the regression analysis also support the evidence of oil prices volatility having no impact upon the returns generated by the oil and gas sector of UK. Strong but negative relationship between oil and gas sector returns and various other factors such as benchmark equity index i.e. FTSE100, exchange rate movements and short term interest rates are found in the study consistent with some previous other research findings as well. VARIABLE CHOICE Under previous studies of El-Sharif (2005) and Sardosky (2001), there are few variables taken into consideration to check the returns generated by oil and gas sector companies of UK. In study of El-Sharif (2005), this impact is studied through using four variables which are returns generated from oil prices volatility, returns generated by UK equity index, returns generated by foreign exchange rate movements, and lastly returns generated from short-term interest rate. Under the current study, one additional variable has been adde d in the overall model of the study i.e. returns generated from Natural Gas Prices Volatility. ... This variable is considered in this study as the chief variable influencing the oil and gas sector companies returns. Returns generated from Gas Prices Volatility Gas prices, is the second factor which has the influences upon the returns of the oil and gas sector companies returns besides oil prices volatility. Returns generated by Equity Index of UK This variable is taken into consideration to study the overall influence of the equity market of UK upon oil and gas sector. Returns generated by Foreign Exchange Rate Movement Since UK is one of the largest oil producers in the European Union, therefore, it also exports oil and allied products to other nations as well. With such exports, the oil and gas sector of UK is highly impacted by the foreign currency movements as a result this factor is also studied under this research. Returns generated by Short-term Interest Rate Short-term interest rate is included in the model because it provides the alternative investment horizon to the inv estors. It is assumed that variability in the short-term interest rates can direct the decisions of investors. 3.6 Research Methodology (Edited) This research follows the literature that uses the international APT model. Previous studies facilitated their empirical analysis to relate impacts of global factors on stock returns (see Jorion, 1990; Khoo, 1994; Faff and Chan, 1998; Faff and Brailsford, 1999; Sadorsky, 2001; Sadorsky and Henriques, 2001). The two-factor version of the model used in most prior related studies is derived from the multi-factor model shown below: Ri,t = ? i ?+ ?kFk,t +? ?i,t (1) where Ri,t is the stock market’s excess return

Monday, January 27, 2020

Mother Courage Epic Theatre

Mother Courage Epic Theatre Mother Courage is an example of Brechts concepts of Epic Theatre and Verfremdungseffekt or estrangement effect. Verfremdungseffekt is achieved through the use of placards which reveal the events of each scene, juxtaposition, actors changing characters and costume on stage, the use of narration, simple props and scenery. For instance, a single tree would be used to convey a whole forest, and the stage is usually flooded with bright white light whether its a winters night or a summers day. Several songs, interspersed throughout the play, are used to underscore the themes of the play, while making the audience think about what the playwright is saying. Another epic feature that we find in Brechts play is the presence of the songs. Mother Courage tries to teach her children the facts of life through songs, this representing a way of bonding with them, apart from the cart. This latter keeps the family together, and probably that is why in the end we see a lonely Mother Courage pulling the cart: it reminds her of her three children as well as still being a means to make a living. We do not despise Mother Courage as, in some ways, she is admirable however, the audience is exposed to intense irony: in her desire to preserve her family, she has participated in destroying it. Brecht is very famous for his modern conception of epic theatre and is tremendously important for modern theatre as he helps the audience understand that the unchangeable can change. This is Brechts term for that which expresses basic human attitudes not merely gesture but all signs of social relations: department, intonation, facial expression. The Stanislavskian actor is to work at identifying with the character he or she portrays. The Brechtian actor is to work at expressing social attitudes in clear and stylized ways. So, when Shen-Te becomes Shui-Ta, she moves in a different manner. Brecht wished to embody the Gestus in the dialogue as if to compel the right stance, movement and intonation. By subtle use of rhythm pause, parallelism and counterpointing, Brecht creates a gestic language. Epic theatre is gestrual. [] The gesture is its raw material and its task is the rational utilization of this material. (Walter Benjamin, Understanding Brecht, 1966, pg. 3) The songs are yet more clearly gestic. As street singers make clear their attitudes with overt, grand but simple gestures, so, in delivering songs, the Brechtian actor aims to produce clarity in expressing a basic attitude, such as despair, defiance or submission. Instead of the seamless continuity of the naturalistic theatre, the illusion of natural disorder, Brecht wishes to break up the story into distinct episodes, each of which presents, in a clear and ordered manner, a central basic action. All that appears in the scene is designed to show the significance of the basic Gestus. We see how this works in Mother Courage. Each scene is prefaced by a caption telling the audience what is to be the important event, in such a way as to suggest the proper attitude for the audience to adopt to it for instance (Scene 3): She manages to save her daughter, likewise her covered cart, but her honest son is killed. The words in red express the playwrights view of how we should interpret the scene; Courages saving her business at the expense of her son is meant to prove how contemptible our actions are made by war. Anger, outrage, panic, revenge, violence => vital elements of his work, stand condemned Brecht is probably trying to master these emotions in himself, for his work exposes his desire for absolute submission, a state of being in which he can conquer his unbridled feelings, and, instead of engaging himself with the external world, merge with it. (Berstein, The Theatre of Revolt, p. 239) Throughout the twentieth century, Brechtian influence was fully present in the works of various playwrights such as John Arden, Thornton Wilder, Robert Bolt, Peter Weiss, Arthur Adamov, Roger Planchon, and even the famous director Giorgio Strehler. Compatibility between the methods promoted by Bertolt Brecht and the playwrights desire to initiate open debates on history and contemporaneity contributed to creating a strongly opinionated political theatrical genre, formed by the coalition of fringe theatre groups (who would perform on the outskirts) which the young playwrights such as David Hare, David Edgar, Howard Brenton joined. As the main proponent of political drama, Howard Brenton believed in theatres mission to shape consciences and transform society. Despite his desire to distance epic theatre, which he considered rather artificial and simplistic to suit his artistic criteria, the episodic structure and the principle of minimal scenic parts remain Brechtian in origin. In addition, just as Brecht, the playwright starts a crusade against humanist tradition of social drama, seeking for a theatrical form that would incite the lazy audience with disapproval, persuasion and argument. The English playwright is distinguished by his virulent analysis of socio-political structures and putting forward a personal dramatic style, being a master of the temporal dislocations technique and of stage embodied visual images. For him, the theatre had to be the expression of the perfect collaboration between the show and the straight-forward message of the. His first creations Christie in Love (1969), Revenge (1969) and Fruit (1970) successfully materialize this artistic goal. In Christie in Love, Howard Brenton has directed his entire attention to the effects of social injustice, which inevitably metamorphose into violence and crime (this, in fact, being a prominent feature of English political theatre of the period, where many playwrights would tell the story of society dehumanization through violence and indifference). Brenton was said to have aimed at giving the audience a feeling of moral vertigo with his short piece Christie in Love. Looking at it from this perspective, the play succeeds in fulfilling Brentons wish because it did indeed outrage the collective morality. The grounds on which Christie, the serial killer, commits the crimes can be analysed from different perspectives, with little chance of running out of options. He may be the incarnation of evil, an outburst of the brutality inherent in human nature or a psychoanalytic ritual of decompression of repressed love, a deviated revenge of the man who is vulnerable to women. The numerous possibilities of understanding this stage event proves that Brenton is closer to the Brechtian view about the open theatre, the one that does not have to give answers, but to make the audience reflect on either explanation and option they consider suitable and convincing, that he had previously stated. However, it is quite obvious that if the meanings the reader and the audience can infer from this play would stop to the psychological level of killer instinct, the brentonian theme would be much too simplified. But The real purpose of the play concerns society as a whole. What the author wants to suggest is t hat the protagonists atypical behaviour, presented in an almost naturalistic way, is actually societys behaviour, however much the latter one is trying to hide it under the guise of respectability. The equality sign the author puts between a miserable bastard and the world justifies the inversion o the characters portrayals, bringing us to one of the features of the epic form of the theatre, that of presenting an image of the world, instead of ones experience. Christie, the famous mass murderer, appears as a normal human being while the police, the defenders of the people, become abnormal, achieving the bold features of some surreal characters. Roland Barthes has pointed out that the verisimilitude of [epic] acting has its meaning in the objective meaning of the play, and not, as in naturalist dramaturgy, in the truth inherent in the actor. (Styan, Modern Drama in Theory and Practice 3, 1981, p. 142) Brenton keeps the character of Christie in the objectivity sphere, thus provoking the spectators to live with the suspense throughout the play.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Essay -- Smoking Tobacco Health Lung

The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Did you know that 3,000 American non-smokers will die this year from lung cancer? Those deaths are entirely preventable. Their lung cancer is caused by second hand smoke. Second hand smoke is smoke they have breathed in from other people's cigarettes. It is also known as involuntary or passive smoking. There is nothing passive however about the effects of this smoke. It is lethal and it is dangerous. It may give as many as 300,000 children under the age of one and half bronchitis and pneumonia. It could even be responsible for more than 35,000 deaths from heart disease. Smoking causes lung cancer. This fact is indisputable. What is sometimes disputed is the extent to which the smoke from other people's cigarettes damages those around them. Some in the tobacco industry play down this effect. They say that passive smoking is at worst a minor irritant. They say the recorded illness, deaths and cancers of those who have to live and work with smokers is a coincidence. They even have the audacity to suggest that those illnesses may be caused by diet or other environmental factors. Let us look at the facts. There are two ways in which passive or second hand smoke can affect non- smokers. Mainstream smoke is that smoke that has already been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker. Sidestream smoke is the smoke that comes off the burning end or tip of the cigarette. Both of these sources are responsible for passive smoke inhaled by non-smokers. Second hand smoke is chemically similar to that inhaled by smokers. After 30 minutes exposure to second-hand smoke the blood flow to the heart is reduced. On top of this a non-smoker who is regularly exposed to second hand smoke has a 20 to 30% increased risk of lung cancer. Tobacco smoke contains 4,000 chemicals in the form of particles and gases. 200 of those chemicals are very poisons. 43 of those chemicals are proven to cause cancer. This lethal combination is what causes tobacco smoke to be classified as a Group A carcinogen. Incredibly 85% of the smoke from a cigarette will not be inhaled by the smoker. Instead it will fill up the room. That means only 15% of the smoke from a cigarette is actually inhaled by the person smoking it. On top of this, many of the toxic poisons and gases in sidestream smoke are present in higher quantities than in mainstream smoke. The poisons an... ... a welcome move. It means that we can start to look forwards to a smoke free environment for ourselves and our children. Unfortunately the statistics tell us that there are still many millions of people who still insist on their 'right' to smoke. The children who are exposed to their smoke do not have such a choice. Protecting children and non-smokers from the effects of second hand smoke must be a priority for everyone. A smoker chooses to smoke but a non-smoker's risk is involuntary. Exposure to second hand smoke is a real and present threat to our health. As a result there are many non-smokers who are needlessly dying from heart disease and lung cancer. Second hand smoking causes asthma, reduces lung function and bronchitis, pneumonia and causes middle ear infections. Many of these illness are inflicted upon small children. Bans on smoking in workplaces exist. So do bans on smoking in restaurants. Unless they are rigidly enforced they won't make a difference. Smoking, unfortunately, cannot be banned in homes. Passive smoking should be shown for exactly what it is, a dangerous killer. Maybe then non-smokers, especially children, will not suffer from second hand smoke.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Road congestion

The underlying causes of congestion are far more complicated than many traditional interests have historically been willing to admit. The ability of available roadway space-the most traditional method of measuring supply or capacity to meet traffic demand, is just one of a set of several underlying factors that research has found contribute to traffic congestion. Whereas more than half of all children walked or bicycled to school in the 1950s, that number has now fallen below 10 percent as streets have become more dangerous due to traffic. Combined with the loss of school bus service, the resulting trend has been an overwhelming increase in parents driving their children to school, clogging local roadways during critical peak hours. An estimated 20-25 percent of rush hour traffic on local streets and roads is now attributable to the school commute. To make matters worse, not only does the typical suburban development model characterized by low-density cul-de-sacs, wide, high-speed arterials, and massive intersections make traffic management difficult, it also makes it less cost-effective for public transport to serve scattered destinations and makes walking or bicycling both inconvenient and dangerous. Many experts believe that widening motorways and main roads is only a temporary solution at best to the complex problem of traffic congestion. Indeed, research has pointed to a result known as â€Å"induced traffic† that suggests new and wider roads actually create additional traffic, above and beyond what can be attributed to rapid population increases and economic growth. In larger areas, drivers will often abandon carpools and public transport when additional roadway space is made available, thus creating additional trips and more traffic. In the longer term, the promise of more convenient transportation access allows commuters to live further from work, increasing development pressures and thus fuelling even more traffic demand. The lack of affordable and mixed-income housing near employment centres, and the imbalance between jobs and housing, creates the notorious commutes between the countryside and city areas. Also, with many people losing their confidence in public transport due to long delays, strikes and many rail crashes it seems much easier to take the car. It is important to note that the skewed pricing signals given to travellers appear to make road travel, even at the most congested periods of the day, entirely free, while public transport is often perceived as too expensive. Market failure is the inability of an unregulated market to achieve allocative efficiency in certain circumstances and we see a severe re-allocation of resources. There are various reasons why allocative efficiency may not be achieved, one of these is externalities. An externality is said to exist when the production or consumption of a good directly affects businesses or consumers not involved in the buying or selling of it and when those spill over effects are not reflected in market prices. The spill over effects are known as external costs or benefits. When people use their cars other people suffer from exhaust fumes, congestion and noise. These negative externalities make the marginal social benefit of using cars less than the marginal private benefit (i.e. marginal utility). The optimum equilibrium for society would be where the marginal social cost is equal to the marginal social benefit (Q!). However, a free market left to itself will produce where the marginal private cost is equal to the marginal private benefit (Q^). If there are negative externalities in consumption, a private market will therefore tend to over-provide a good. Congestion in urban areas can be seen as a form of market failure because the socially efficient output is not produced. The social optimum amount of vehicles on the road must be exceeded if congestion results. The marginal cost to the consumer is the only cost really considered when a driver makes the decision to use the car. What is not taken into account are the costs to other road users, the cost to society collectively; the social cost or themselves to some extent. The marginal cost to other road users is the added congestion caused by the extra car on the road. The marginal costs to society collectively are the increase in emissions produced by the extra journey made, the follow on effects from this are large, rising asthma levels in the local area, decaying buildings and collapsing roads could be caused because of the high congestion rates. The marginal cost to the individual could be the opportunity cost of the time spent in congestion. If the more space efficient bus made the journey, the traveller would be able to read the newspaper, play on a hand held computer or even do some work, this is not possible if the car is chosen to make the journey. The marginal utility of existing users of the congested roads would decrease with the addition of an extra motorist, an extra 10 or even 100 motorists would lower the marginal utility levels dramatically. But each individual's marginal cost wouldn't be affected, which explains why the marginal cost and marginal social cost diverge. Congestion is not the only cost that occurs from a large number of cars on Britain's roads. We must also consider, road damage costs, accidental externalities and of course environmental costs. Heavy vehicles basically cause Road damaging as the damage to the road pavement increases to the fourth power of the axle load. Accident externalities arise when extra vehicles on the road increase the probability that the other road users will be involved in an accident. Accident probability depends to a large extend on distance, driving time and particularly the other traffic. This is why accident costs will be treated like congestion costs. Environmental damage comes in various forms, such as local: emission of CO, NC, NO2, global: emission of CO2, CFC, water pollution and noise and vibrations. Congestion is inefficient, polluting and dangerous. Removing just 5% of traffic at peak times could substantially reduce or even eliminate rush hour congestion from many cities. One approach that is starting to stoke interest among municipal leaders is road pricing. The theory seems sound enough: introduce a price on bringing cars into congested areas that incite drivers either not to travel unnecessarily or to vary their times of travel or, indeed, to try public transport, walking or cycling. With the right approach, drivers who incur higher prices during rush hour periods would benefit from reduced congestion and travel time, while nonessential travel would take place at less congested and cheaper times. Road pricing has been debated in political circles for many years. The main debate was about the difficulties that would occur in trying to impose a system in order to toll drivers. These problems no longer exist, and advances in electronic devices have made sophisticated road pricing schemes more feasible. The new technology of electronic tolls no longer requires motorists to halt at tollbooths. Therefore, it prevents additional congestion. Drivers would be given an electronic number plate, which signals to the recording computer the presence of a vehicle. This would be the most direct way to charge the amount specific to the road and the time of the day. The devise could charge users via bank account or monthly bill. This would also allow a central computer to monitor roads with the greatest amount of use. Also, another method that has been put forward is for drivers to buy a travel card (similar to those on London Transport) and display these on their dashboards when driving in and out of priced roads. However, the political will is often lacking, perhaps because of uncertainty about voter reaction. I believe there are both advantages and disadvantages to the proposed road pricing theory. ADVANTAGES OF ROAD PRICING Road pricing is a good instrument to use to internalise most of the external effects mentioned earlier, especially in the case of congestion costs, it appears to be the optimal method of internalisation because a price mechanism would replace the present queuing mechanism, which is allocatively inefficient. Because road prices would be primarily connected with congestion costs, some distributional and locational effects could arise. Costs of driving in non-urban areas would probably fall whereas urban driving costs would increase so that in the medium run, the quality of the public urban transport system would improve. In the case of pricing highways on the continent, road pricing is a good instrument to overcome the free rider problem of foreign carriers using â€Å"home country† highways. This is especially interesting against the background that current ways of financing highways are very different. It is fair to say that foreign carriers buy their petrol abroad, which is cheaper, and they do not contribute to business in the UK. For that reason actual competition between international carriers is not neutral. With the proposed electronic system, there seems to be 2 benefits. The first of these is the business generated from the insertion of the microchips and the second is the ease of use i.e. simply driving past a scanner. Furthermore, Ken Livingston has stated that he believes traffic will reduce by 15% with the implementation of the system and he says money generated from the implementation of such a scheme will be used not only on the maintenance of our roads but also into investment of our public transport which again reduce the number of cars on the road leading to a better environment for all. A recent survey suggested that 70% of the public would not mind paying fuel tax if it was invested in public transport. The system is already used in Singapore and the immediate reaction was a reduction of 24,700 cars during the peak time and also, traffic speed increased by 22% at this time. And also, in Trondheim in Norway the toll was not introduced in order to make people leave their cars at home but soon, it was noticed that congestion was reduced and political consensus was that some of the money generated could be used for public transport within the city. DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD PRICING The cost of implementing electronic toll system is very high. The UK government estimates that the implementation of the system will cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 bn for only a small area such as London. Plus individual costs for every vehicle of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 each, not including additional costs of controlling the system. Also, we are likely to see a lagged response and it would take time to raise revenue. The initial costs are high thus; they would have to pay off in the long run. Ken Livingston, has suggested a charge of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 for entering London, many believe that when we consider, fuel taxes, road tax, and maintenance of a car, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 to enter London is extortionate. It is important to consider those on lower incomes, who may find it difficult to pay a regular à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 charge. This could lead to the displacement of traffic, in the way that people will try to avoid the tolls and take other routes down side roads- this is likely to cause congestion in quieter streets not to mention accidents because the streets are so narrow. The introduction will be hard and people will object to it. They believe it affects their rights of passage and with an estimated 230 cameras per zone it compared to the big brother phenomenon. Tax on roads may have damaging effects on the economy. Because the cost to firms will be greater and it may also serve to make London a less desirable centre, there will be a reduction in Aggregate Supply. There will be growth in unemployment as firms will not be able to afford workers, this will cause a slowdown in economic growth and could even cause an inflationary threat. In terms of negative environmental externalities, road pricing is (with the exception of noise) probably not the optimal instrument for internalisation. Taxes on fuel or emission fees, for instance, charge vehicle emissions in a more direct way and they are very simple to design. Some believe that there should be different taxes for those people who do not have public transport available to them easily and those who do but choose not to use it. Furthermore it must be mentioned that the effect of road pricing depends to a large extent on the authority that receives the revenues and its way of using the money. Economists would argue that the profits made should be reinvested into the transportation system to generate an efficient outcome rather than cross-subsidising other traffic modes or other state activities. CONCLUSION In conclusion I believe that road pricing is the best instrument to internalise the costs of congestion and road damage. Although the initial costs of installation are high, these costs would probably quickly be exceeded by the efficiency gains of corrected prices. Nevertheless, road pricing cannot perfectly internalise external environmental costs. That is why instruments like â€Å"fuel taxation† or â€Å"emission fees† will still be necessary to design an optimal price mechanism in the transportation sector that sets the correct incentives. I believe pricing could be the trick to remove that 5-10% of traffic that causes congestion in peak periods in our cities. If that means picking up the children on time and being able to drive into city centres to shop, then surely that would be a price worth paying. Finally, what's perhaps most important is a recognition that solving these problems will require strong leadership from a government level in addition to management, planning and eventual implementation at the regional and local levels. Traffic congestion must thus be tackled within a broader context of economic, environmental and social goals and its solutions must be compatible and work in support of solutions for a broader range of issues.